Thames & Kosmos Physics Simple Machines Manual

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Side 1/2

Build and Test the Spring Scale

Assemble the spring scale as shown. Use the force

meter scale from the die-cut cardboard sheet.

This spr

which i

After y

spring s

weigh t

bottle w

Hook th

weight

washer

let it ha

spring s

so the r

does no

back at

scale by

at the n

ber tha

shows

throug

the wa

Instructions

Warning! — This set contains chemicals

that may be harmful if misused. Read cau-

tions on individual containers carefully. Not

to be used by children except under adult

supervision.

Only for use by children 8 years of age and

older. Use only under careful supervision

of adults who have familiarized themselves

with the kit’s written safety precautions.

A Note to Parents and Supervising Adults

Please stand by your child’s side as they do

the experiments in this kit, providing sup-

port and company to him or her as needed.

Read through the instructions together

before beginning the experiments, and

follow them. Please be sure that no small

pieces get into the hands of young chil-

dren. Provide your child with any required

household items that are not contained in

the kit, and encourage your child to repeat

an experiment if the initial results don’t

meet expectations.

This work, including all its parts, is copyright protected. Any use outside the

speciﬁc limits of the copyright law is prohibited and punishable by law without the

consent of the publisher. This applies speciﬁcally to reproductions, translations and

microﬁlming and the storage and processing in electronic systems and networks.

We do not guarantee that all material in this work is free from other copyright or

other protection.

® Thames & Kosmos is a registered trademark of Thames & Kosmos, LLC.

Text and Concept: Ted McGuire; Additional Graphics and Layout: Dan Freitas

Distributed in North America by Thames & Kosmos, LLC. Providence, RI 02903

Phone: 800-587-2872; Email: support@thamesandkosmos.com

Printed in Taiwan / Imprimé en Taïwan

Contents Introduction Measuring Forces Levers

Simple machines are devices that make physical

work easier by changing the amount of force re-

quired to do work or changing the direction of the

force required to do work. To understand this, we

ﬁrst need to understand what forces and work are.

For the purpose of this kit, you can think of a

force as a push or a pull that causes an object to

move, or change its speed if it is already moving.

When you push on a door to open it, you are apply-

ing force to the door to move it open. Forces act on

masses (objects with mass) in speciﬁc .directions

You may think of as the chores your work

parents make you do or the assignments you do

in school, but to a physicist, work is the amount

of energy exerted when a force moves an object a

certain . When you carry a box of toys up distance

the stairs, you are doing work equal to the amount

of force it takes to move that box the distance from

the bottom of the stairs to the top.

So, simple machines make work easier to do by

allowing you to push or pull with less force or in a

more convenient direction to move an object. But,

any force that is saved by using a simple machine

must be accounted for in terms of distance. This

is an important rule to remember about simple

machines. The amount to which a simple machine

makes work easier is called its mechanical advan-

tage. There are six classic types of simple machines:

In order to be able to experiment with

simple machines and see what they are

doing, we need a way to measure forces.

To do this, we will build a , spring scale

which is a simple tool that uses a spring

to measure forces. Most spring scales use

metal coil springs, but we will build one

using a rubber band which exhibits some

of the same elastic properties as a metal

spring.

The theory behind the way a spring

scale works is that the amount of force it

takes to stretch the spring is proportional

to the distance the force stretches the spring. In

other words, a large force will stretch the spring

a lot and a small force will stretch the spring

only a little. By measuring the distance a spring

is stretched, we can approximate the force being

exerted on the spring.

Experimen

Class 1 Lever

Experiment

Class

To con

Class 2

assem

plate a

the ax

to rep

fulcru

one en

lever.

bottle weight to the spot

where the blue arrow is and hook the spring scale

on the joint pin. Now, a downward load is coun-

tered by an upward force. How much force does it

take to lift the bottle now? If you move the load to

a hole closer to the fulcrum, how does it change the

force required to lift it?

Experiment

Class 3 Lever

Finally

class 3

of the

How d

of forc

the lo

Lever: A lever is a rigid bar that can be pivoted on a point,

called the fulcrum. Applying force to one part of the lever will

cause a load (weight) somewhere else on the lever to move.

Wheel and Axle: This is a

wheel with a pole through its center

called the axle. It is actually a type of

lever that rotates around the fulcrum.

Pulley: A pulley is a wheel and axle with a groove

in its circumference. A rope or chain is run through the

groove. A weight attached to one end can be moved by

pulling in the opposite direction on the other end.

Inclined Plane: This is a ramp where

one end is higher than the other. Moving an

object up the ramp requires less force

than lifting the object vertically.

Screw: A screw is an inclined plane

wrapped around a pole. It converts are turning

force into a straight (linear) force along the

length of the pole.

Wedge: A wedge is two inclined

planes attached back to back. It converts a

force acting on its end into two perpendicu-

lar forces acting out from the sides.

Water Bottle Weight

You will need to

make a weight out o

a water bottle. Have

an adult poke two

holes in the bottle

cap and use it to tie

on the cardboard lid

and the hook with

the string. Fill the

bottle with about

a half of a cup of

water.

Force

Fulcrum

Load

How much does

the water bottle

weight? A half cup of

water weighs

about 1 N

(Newton).

Levers are rigid bars that pivot on a point called the

fulcrum. A weight (or load) at one point on the bar

can be moved by applying a force to another point

on the bar. If the distance from the fulcrum to the

force (the ) is greater than the distance force arm

from the fulcrum to the load (the ), than load arm

a smaller force can move a larger load. This is how

the lever makes work easier. There are three

types of levers: . The class Class 1, 2, and 3

depends on where the load and

force are positioned relative to

the fulcrum.

The part sepa-

rator tool is

actually a class

1 lever, as this

illustration

shows.

Assemble the parts as

shown. The long rod

should pivot on the axle.

This pivot point is the ful-

crum.

Now we will test it.

You will need a helper to

hold the base plate ﬁrmly

in place. Hook the water bottle

weight (the load) to one side and

use a joint pin to attach the spring

scale washer to the other side.

A downward force

on the load side is

counteracted by a

downward force

on the other

side. How

much force

does it take

to lift the

water bottle

weight?

Examples of Class 1 Levers

Seesaw

Crowbar

ass 2 Levers

Wheelbarro

apler

Examples of Class 3 Levers

Fishing ro

Joint pin (3)

Shaft plug (3)

Axle lock (1)

Washer (5)

Long axle (2)

Part separator

tool (1)

Rubber band (1)

String (1)

Base plate (1)

Die-cut cardboard sheet

Large gear (1)

Five-hole rod (1)

Three-hole rod (2)

Corner piece (4)

Pulley wheel (4)

Small frame (2)

Long rod (2)

Small gear (1)

Medium gear (1)

Tire for pulley

wheel (4)

Anchor pin (2)

A wedge is made when two inclined

planes are attached back to back. The

wedge converts force applied to its

blunt side into two outward forces

from its longer sides.

Make a simple model of a

wedge by folding the

inclined planes from

the cardboard sheet

and taping them

together.

A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a

cylinder. When a screw is turned, the turning force

is converted into a linear force along the length of

the screw. A metal woodworking screw makes it

easier to bore itself into a block of wood because

with each rotation of the screw, the threads move

a lot farther than the tip of the screw that is being

driven into the wood. Again, the

force is reduced but the distance is

increased.

The mechanical advantage of a

screw depends on the pitch of the

threads. The is the angle of the pitch

inclined plane relative to the cylin-

der.

Let’s make a simple model of a

screw. Take the die-cut cardboard

piece and wrap it around a pen or

pencil into a spiral as shown, and

tape it together. This clearly shows

how a screw is just a rotated

inclined plane.

Gears are not considered one of the six classic

simple machines, but they are often included in

lists with the simple machines because they are so

widely used. Gears are actually versions of wheels

and axles with teeth that allow them to mesh to-

gether and turn each other.

The mechanical advantage of a gear is evident

when a large gear meshes with a small gear. One

full turn of the large gear will produce, say, three

full turns of the small gear. Because of this, the

smaller gear always turns faster than the larger. On

the other hand, the larger gear turns with greater

force than the smaller. So, in this way, gears can

be used to make slow turning motion into rapid

turning motion, or to covert small forces into large

forces. Now try this yourself.

An inclined plane is

a surface where one

side is higher than

the other. When

an object is moved

upward along an

inclined plane, less

force is needed than

when the object is

moved straight up

the same vertical distance. The expense is that the

object has to travel a longer distance when it moves

up the ramp. The diagram shows how forces act on

an object on an inclined plane. The net force, the

force required to move the object up the ramp, is

less than the force of gravity, the force required to

lift the object straight up in the air.

Experiment

Moveable Pulley

Construct this pulley ass

string to two washers to

loop where the water b

be hooked on.

Experiment

Compound Pulley

Now set up this pulley system. This time, the string

is looped over a second, ﬁxed pulley as well as the

moveable pulley. Again use a heavy weight or your

hand to hold the frame in place at the edge of the

table. Attach the free end of the string to the spring

scale and read the force. Has it changed?

Pulleys are wheels and

axles with ropes or chains

running over them. There

are three types of pul-

leys: , , and ﬁxed movable

compound. A ﬁxed pulley

is an equal-armed, two-

sided lever that rotates

around a fulcrum. The

force and load arms are

equal in length, so it does

not actually reduce the

amount of force needed

to move the load, but it

does change the direc-

tion of the force, allowing

the user to pull in a more

convenient direction.

A moveable pulley

reduces the amount of force needed to lift the

load, but at the cost of increasing the distance over

which the rope has to move. The suspended load

is divided between two ropes, cutting the force in

half but doubling the distance.

Experiment

With and Without Wheels

First, sim

bottle o

of the b

this on a

rough su

Use a jo

to attac

the sprin

scale.

Wheels and Axles Pulleys Inclined Planes Screws Gears

Wedges

Hold in place with a heavy

weight or your hand

Hold in place with a heavy weight

or your hand

Table edge

Wheel

Axle

Force ArmLoad Arm

A wheel and axle

together form a

simple machine that is

basically just a lever ro-

tated around a center

axis, or fulcrum. In this

case, the force arm is

the distance from the

fulcrum to the edge of

the wheel, while the

load arm is the distance from the fulcrum to the

edge of the axle. A small force applied to the edge

of the wheel will result in a large force at the edge

of the axle. Alternatively, a slow turning of the axle

will yield a faster turning of the outer edge of the

wheel, if speed is what you are after.

amples of Whee Axles Examples of Pulleys

Examples of Inclined Planes

Examples of Wedges Examples of Gears

Screwd

Belt pulley

on motor

Clock gears

Nail

Bicycle g

Block and

tackle

Slide

Bike

Loading ramp

Pull this

“sled” across

the carpet. How

much force does it take?

Now attach the

wheels as shown,

and try pulling

again.

How do the

wheels alter

the amount of force

it takes to pull the

bottle?

Force arm

Fulcrum

exertion point

of the load

exertion point

of the force

Load arm

Force arm

Fulcrum

exertion point

of the load

exertion point

of the force

Load arm

Force arm

Fulcrum

exertion point

of the load

Load arm

Force arm

Fulcrum

exertion point

of the load

exertion

point of

the force

Load arm

exertion point

of the force

Normal Force

Force of

Gravity

Net Force

A compound pulley is a

combination of a ﬁxed and

a moveable pulley. This al-

lows for both a convenient

pulling direction as well as a

reduction in the amount of

force needed to lift the load.

Many compound pulleys can

be put together in a row to

make a device called a block

and tackle, which increases

the mechanical advantage.

View from the side

Set up the pulley system

like this. Tie one end of

a piece of string to the

frame held in place with

a heavy weight or your

hand, run the string under

the middle pulley wheel,

and attach the other end

of the string to the spring

scale to read the force.

Table edge

Examples of Screws

Screws

and bolts

Corkscrew

Experiment

Ramping Up

Position a board so that one side is higher than the

other. (If you have a ramp in your home or school,

you can use that.) First, use the spring

scale to measure how much the wa-

ter bottle weighs when you lift it

straight off the ground.

Then, place the bottle at the

bottom of the ramp and

pull it up the ramp with

the spring scale. How

much force does it

take to slide the

bottle up the

ramp?

Experiment

Getting into Gear

Attach the three gears to

the base plate as shown

using the shaft plugs. To

ﬁgure out which holes to

put them in, refer to the

numbers in the diagram

to the right, counting

from the bottom left cor-

ner. Attach the cardboard

rings to the tops of each

gear to help you count

the number of rotations.

Now, turn the large

gear one full rotation and

watch the small gear. How

many times does the small

gear turn completely for

each turn of the large

gear? How about the medium

gear? Now spin the large

gear. How fast does

the small gear

spin?

Produkt Specifikationer

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Kategori:	Ikke kategoriseret
Model:	Physics Simple Machines

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