Thames & Kosmos Solar Thermal Lab Manual

Thames & Kosmos Ikke kategoriseret Solar Thermal Lab

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Side 1/2

Before You Start: What Makes the Solar Wheels Turn?

How to Assemble Your Solar Updraft Towers

General Instructions

Safety Information

>>> Solar Updraft Tower Assembly, Continued

Contents

DEAR PARENTS: With this experiment kit, children as young as seven years of age

will be able to perform experiments with the power of the sun. The comparative

experiments, which use two sets of components and two different mounted solar

attachments, will help them learn about solar energy, thermal lift, and solar updraft

towers in a fun and playful way. When assembling the solar towers, wheels, and

constructing their own attachments, they will be actively and creatively engaged. Please

help your young investigators, since the curiosity and comprehension powers of young

children are often better developed than their manual abilities, and make sure to provide

them with any additional materials that are not contained in the kit. Have fun with the

experiments!

1st Edition 2012

Co. KG, Pfizerstrasse 5 – 7, 70184 Stuttgart,

Germany

This work, including all its parts, is copyright

protected. Any use outside the specific

limits of the copyright law is prohibited and

punishable by law without the consent of

the publisher. This applies specifically to

reproductions, translations, microfilming, and

storage and processing in electronic systems,

networks, and media. We do not guarantee

that all the information in this work is free

from copyright or other protection.

Project management: Andrea Kern; Concept and text: Uwe

Wandrey and Andrea Kern; Product development: Elena

Ryvkin; Packaging design: Peter Schmidt Group GmbH,

Hamburg; Packaging layout: Atelier Bea Klenk, Berlin;

Packaging illustration: Andreas Resch, St. Ulrich am

Waasen (Austria); Manual illustration: Oliver Marraffa,

Berlin; Manual design and layout: Atelier Bea Klenk, Berlin

Providence, RI, U.S.A.

® Thames & Kosmos is a registered trademark of Thames

& Kosmos, LLC.

Editing: Ted McGuire; Additional Graphics and Layout:

Dan Freitas

Distributed in North America by Thames & Kosmos, LLC.

Providence, RI 02903; Phone: 800-587-2872;

Email: support@thamesandkosmos.com

We reserve the right to make technical changes. Printed in Germany / Imprimé en Allemagne

› 4 Colored die-cut card sheets

› 2 White die-cut card sheets

› 1 Solar wheel die-cut sheet

› 1 Sheet of clear plastic film

› 2 Wooden sticks

› 1 Piece of clay

› 2 Needles

› 2 Metal caps

› 1 Tracing paper cutout sheet

You will also need:

› Glue

› Tape

› Scissors

› Aluminum tealight candle holder

NOTE! Not suitable for children under 3 years of age. There is a risk of suffocation due

to small parts that might be swallowed or inhaled.

Save the packaging and instructions, which contain important information.

STEP 4

Glue the cone together.

STEP 5

Divide the clay into two equal-

sized pieces, shape them into

disks about 2 cm thick, and

insert the wooden sticks into

them flat-end first.

STEP 6

Tape the needle pointy-end up to the top

end of the wooden stick. Place the metal

cap on the needle. Be careful not to stick

yourself with the needle! Never let the

wooden stick sit around without a cap

over the needle!

STEP 7

Place the clay disk with the wooden stick,

needle, and metal cap in the center of the

cone.

Now the base of your solar updraft tower

is complete.

YOU WILL NEED:

› Colored die-cut card sheet, clay,

wooden sticks, needles, metal caps

› Glue, tape

STEP 1

Tip!

If your cone isn’t perfectly

round, carefully bend it into

shape with your hands.

The wheels at the top of your solar

updraft towers turn with the help of a

stream of warm air. Most substances

“expand” when they are heated. Heat

makes air and other gases expand quite a

bit. You can actually feel that air is not

“nothing,” but is actually a , substance

when you ride your bicycle against the

wind or when you stretch your hand out

the car window while driving along.

Air gets when it expands and rises lighter

upward through colder air. This kind of “air

elevator” is known as an or updraft

thermal. Birds and hang gliders use

thermal lift to climb upward. The term

comes from Classical Greek , therme

meaning “heat.”

You can intensify thermal lift through

something called the “stack effect,” which

narrows the stream of air through a cone

or pipe, just like a chimney. The higher the

chimney, the stronger the upward flow of

air. And that is exactly how your solar

wheels work.

Remove the black card sections from the

die-cut sheets and lay them out in front of

you as shown in the picture. You will need

two card sections for each solar wheel

cone.

STEP 2

Apply glue to the right edge of one card

section.

STEP 3

Affix the left edge of your other card section

to the glued edge, and apply more glue to

the right edge.

LEX © f otolia.com / antikarium © fotolia.com

EXPERIMENT MANUAL

SOLAR

THERMAL

LAB

WARNING — Science Education Set. This set contains

chemicals and parts that may be harmful if misused. Read

cautions on individual containers and in manual carefully.

Not to be used by children except under adult supervision.

EXPERIMENT 1

EXPERIMENT 2

EXPERIMENT 5

Homemade Wheel

Black and White

Check It Out

Which Wheel Turns Faster?

EXPERIMENT 3

A See-Through Coat

EXPERIMENT 4

Light Versus Heavy

WHY The heated air streams upward and hits the solar wheels. Because

their blades are slightly angled against the stream of air, they move away from it.

The stream of air is also deﬂected a lile as it winds its way through the blades.

That slows the air down, and it transfers some of its force — which becomes

rotational force — to the solar wheel. With the four-bladed wheel, there is more

space between the blades than with the wheel with eleven blades. So it produces

less resistance with each rotation, and can turn faster than the eleven-bladed

wheel, which turns more slowly but with greater rotational force.

YOU WILL NEED:

› Basic solar tower

assembly

› Empty aluminum

tealight candle holder,

scissors

YOU WILL NEED:

› Basic solar tower assembly, solar

wheel attachments, white die-cut

sheet

› Glue

1. Glue together the white card exactly as

you did with the black one. Now you

have a white solar tower cone as well.

2. Set one wooden stick with clay, needle,

and attachment in the white cone and

one in the black cone.

Does a wheel placed on the white cone

turn too?

YOU WILL NEED:

› Basic solar tower assembly,

solar wheel die-cut sheet

1. Remove the 2 solar wheel

attachments from the die-cut

sheet.

2. Place your solar towers in a

sunny spot that is sheltered

from the wind. You can

perform your experiments

either outside or inside near a

window.

3. Bend the flaps of the wheels

down along the marked lines.

4. Insert each metal cap through

the little hole in the center of

the solar wheel attachment.

Now you can do an experiment

to see which wheel turns faster.

HOT AIR BALLOON

This is nothing more than a “packet” of hot air

rising up through cooler air. When the balloon’s

air cools off, a gas flame is used to heat it back

up again.

SOLAR UPDRAFT TOWER

A converts the solar updraft tower

energy of an updraft into electricity.

This kind of power plant consists of a

large collector and a chimney inside of

which a turbine and an electrical

generator rotate.

An early example of a solar updraft

tower was in operation in Manzanares,

Spain, from 1986 to 1989. Its collector

had a diameter of 240 meters, and its

chimney was 10 meters wide and 195

meters high. This prototype was able to

supply 40 households with electricity.

Other solar updraft towers with

chimney heights of up to 1000 meters

and capable of providing electricity to

200,000 households are in the planning

stages in the U.S. and Africa.

PLANES IN THE UPDRAFT

Gliders cannot climb by their own

power, and they will naturally

descend through the air on a gradual

downward path to the ground. In

order to climb back up again, pilots

look for thermals, which are

chimneys of updraft thousands of

meters high that form over warm

regions (such as fields of ripening

grain or mountain masses). These

updrafts can attain speeds of over 30

km/h. Gliders can use them to spiral

upward, and then coast along to the

next thermal.

Tip!

Bend all of the

flaps on the solar

wheel attachment

the same amount.

5. Test the spiral and the airplanes to see how they

turn too. Bend the blue airplane upward along

the dotted line, and the wings of the yellow

airplane downward. Who wins the race?

WHY The tracing paper aachments are lighter, and they therefore produce

less friction resistance between the needle and the metal cap. That means that

more power remains for the rotation. In addition, some solar radiation passes

through the tracing paper to the cone. The normal wheels, by contrast, don’t let

any sunlight through.

YOU WILL NEED:

› Basic solar tower assembly, solar

wheel attachments, tracing paper

cutout sheet

› Scissors

1. Cut the solar wheels out of the tracing

paper sheet and bend them along the

dotted lines as you did with the other

attachments.

Be sure that you only cut along the

black lines! Do not cut into the dotted

or colored lines!

2. Insert the needle into the hole in the

center of the attachments, and then

mount the metal cap.

3. Test a normal wheel attachment along

with an attachment made of tracing

paper.

Which wheel turns faster?

Tip!

Now that you have made

your own solar wheel

attachment, you will probably

have more ideas for other great

attachments. How about a

yogurt container wheel, or a

glider? First sketch the shape on

a piece of paper, cut it out,

make a hole in the center, and

off you go. Just be sure that

each attachment looks

identical on the opposite side,

or it won’t be in proper balance.

WHY Dark objects absorb more heat radiation than light-colored ones,

and emit heat more readily as well. Light surfaces, on the other hand, reﬂect

almost all the heat radiation that reaches them. That is why black objects

become warmer in the sun than white ones do. The black cone uses this heat to

make its wheel turn. Nothing moves above the white cone, by contrast.

3. Press the cut tealight cup

wall flat and bend one edge

of each blade slightly up.

4. Insert the metal cap through the hole in the center of the

tealight wheel, mount it on the tower assembly, and set

it in the sun.

1. Make 16 cuts in the side wall

of the tealight candle holder

from the top edge to the

bottom.

2. Use a scissors or needle to

puncture a hole in the center

of the bottom section for the

metal cap. Be careful not to

injure yourself! It’s best to

have an adult help you with

this part.

WHY The cone under the ﬁlm

suddenly ﬁnds itself inside a miniature

greenhouse. In other words, you are

making use of the greenhouse eﬀect:

The glass or clear plastic roof of a

greenhouse lets more solar radiation

in than it lets back out, so the heat

accumulates under the roof. That

is why it is always warmer inside a

greenhouse than it is in the outside air.

YOU WILL NEED:

› Basic solar tower assembly, solar

wheel attachments, clear plastic film

› Tape

1. Remove the rubber band from the sheet

of film, unroll it, and tape its ends

together to form a cone.

2. Place the cone of film over one of the

solar tower cones. Set the other solar

tower cone next to it.

Which wheel turns faster — the one

with or without the film?

3 4

Produkt Specifikationer

Mærke:	Thames & Kosmos
Kategori:	Ikke kategoriseret
Model:	Solar Thermal Lab

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