Doepfer A-196 Manual

Doepfer Ikke kategoriseret A-196

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Side 1/8

doepfer System A - 100 PLL A-196

1. Introduction

Module A-196 contains a so-called Phase Locked

Loop circuit (PLL). A PLL consists of three parts:

VCO (linear voltage-controlled oscillator with rectangle

output), phase comparator (PC), and low-pass filter

(LPF). The three parts are connected in the A-196 with

normalled sockets to form the standard closed-loop

PLL frequency-feedback system. The normalled soc-

kets allow individual access to each part of the PLL

and enable other patches than the standard PLL (e.g.

insertion of external modules).

The andVCO is equipped with the controls Range

Offset. The range switch is used to select one of three

frequency ranges. The Offset control defines the maxi-

mum frequency of the VCO.

The module contains three different types of phase

comparators that are selected with a 3-position

switch.

The LED indicates if the PLL is locked for PC2 , i.e. if

the frequency of the internal VCO is the same as the

frequency of the external input signal.

The frequency of the built-in low pass filter is manu-

ally adjusted with the frequency control.

CV In

locked (2)

Offset

A-196

PLL

Out

In 1

Range

Out

VCO

Type

In 2

(Signal)

Out

LPF

Frequ.

A-196 PLL System A - 100 doepfer

2. Basic principles

The three units VCO, phase comparator (PC) and low

pass filter (LP) form a standard closed-loop frequency-

feedback system: The VCO output (linear response,

rectangle output) is compared with an external signal

(e.g. A-110 VCO) in the PC. The PC output is a digital

high/low signal that indicates if the frequency resp.

phase difference of the two input signals is negative,

zero or positive. This signal is processed by the LP to

generate a smooth control voltage that controls the

frequency of the VCO. The units VCO, PC and LPF

form a frequency feedback loop that works like this:

The CV (LP output) increases (decreases) as long as

the external frequency is higher (lower) than the fre-

quency of the internal VCO and stops increasing as

soon as both frequencies become identical.

But there are some stumbling blocks: Different types

of phase comparators with advantages and disad-

vantages can be made. Some phase comparators e.g.

even lock at harmonics, i.e. if the two frequencies to be

compared are integer multiples. For some applications

this "fault" may be used to create interesting effects.

The A-196 contains 3 different types of phase compa-

rators: PC1 is a simple exclusive OR, that even locks

at harmonics. PC2 is a so-called RS flipflop and PC3 a

more complex digital memory network. The user can

select one of the three phase comparators with a

3-position switch. When PC2 is used a LED displays

the "locked" state, i.e. when the frequency of the

internal VCO is identical to the external frequency.

Special attention has also to be directed to the fre-

quency of the LP. To obtain a smooth control voltage

for the VCO the frequency of the LP has to be much

smaller than the lowest frequency of the internal or

external audio signal. Otherwise the frequency of the

internal VCO will jitter or wobble around the correct

frequency. But for special effects this frequency jitter

can be used intentionally.

Example: frequencies in the range 50Hz...1kHz have

to be processed with the PLL. Therefore the frequency

of the LP has to be about 10Hz or even less. Such a

low frequency of the LPF causes a noticeable slew of

the internal VCO. When the frequency of the external

signal jumps e.g. between 50Hz and 1kHz it takes

about 0.1 second until the internal VCO reaches the

new frequency (like portamento). Consequently one

has to find a compromise between the frequency jitter

and portamento. But these remarks are valid only for

the "ideal" working PLL. As the A-196 is used in a

musical enviroment these "problems" and "dis-

advantages" with jitter and slew time lead to additional

musical applications like portamento effects, wobbling

frequencies or harmonic locking according to the type

of frequency comparator and time constant of the PLL

low pass filter.

Produkt Specifikationer

Mærke:	Doepfer
Kategori:	Ikke kategoriseret
Model:	A-196

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