Microchip ATmega32U4 Manual

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Differential and Single-Ended

ADC

Differential and Single-Ended ADC

Introduction

Author: Kristian Saxrud Bekken, Microchip Technology Inc.

A common requirement for microcontroller applications is the need to sense the real world in one way or another.

This requires bridging the gap between the digital dimension of a microcontroller and the analog realm of the real

world. In most cases, this is accomplished by using a sensor that translates the magnitude of a physical phenomenon

to an analog voltage which is routed to a pin on the microcontroller. Lastly, a dedicated part of the microcontroller

called an analog-to-digital converter, also referred to as an ADC or A/D converter, transforms the analog voltage to a

digital value to be further processed by the microcontroller.

Most analog sensors either output their measured value as a single analog voltage signal or as a difference between

two analog voltage signals. The two concepts are referred to as single-ended signaling and differential signaling,

respectively.

This white paper provides a high-level introduction to A/D conversion of single-ended and differential analog signals

by presenting the main advantages and drawbacks for the two approaches, as well as a selection of common

applications and useful considerations.

Table of Contents

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

1. Single-Ended Operation..........................................................................................................................3

1.1. General Concept.......................................................................................................................... 3

1.2. Advantages and Drawbacks.........................................................................................................3

1.3. Typical Applications......................................................................................................................3

2. Differential Operation.............................................................................................................................. 5

2.1. General Concept.......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2. Advantages and Drawbacks.........................................................................................................6

2.3. Typical Applications......................................................................................................................6

3. Considerations........................................................................................................................................ 7

4. Revision History...................................................................................................................................... 8

The Microchip Website...................................................................................................................................9

Product Change Notification Service..............................................................................................................9

Customer Support.......................................................................................................................................... 9

Product Identification System.......................................................................................................................10

Microchip Devices Code Protection Feature................................................................................................ 10

Legal Notice................................................................................................................................................. 10

Trademarks.................................................................................................................................................. 10

Quality Management System....................................................................................................................... 11

Worldwide Sales and Service.......................................................................................................................12

Differential and Single-Ended ADC