Microchip PIC16F17146 Manual

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Side 1/21

and its subsidiaries

Application Note DS00004873A-page 1

AN4873

Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids in Water Using the

Integrated Operational Amplifier of PIC® Microcontrollers

Introduction

Author: Irene Abraham, Microchip Technology Inc.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water are described as the presence of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic

matter in water. TDS can be measured by determining the conductivity of water using a conductivity probe that can

detect the presence of ions in water. It is one of the most important factors that determines water quality. Ensuring

acceptable values of TDS in water is important for human health, food and food processing, fish farming and other

water-related industries. TDS measurement in water has applications in the medical, industrial, and residential fields.

This application note provides an overview of the concept and methods used for TDS measurement in water.

It also provides a working code example that demonstrates the measurement of conductivity and TDS in water

using a relaxation oscillator circuit designed with the Integrated Operational Amplifier (OPA) of the PIC16F17146

microcontroller.

The PIC16F17146 microcontroller family is equipped with advanced analog peripherals such as an OPA, 12-bit

differential Analog-to-Digital converter with computation (ADCC), 8-bit buffered Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC),

internal fixed voltage reference (FVR) along with core independent peripherals such as Capture Compare and PWM

(CCP), 16-bit and 8-bit Timers. This application note describes the usage of integrated OPA, ADCC and CCP

peripherals of the PIC16F17146 microcontroller family to measure TDS in water. The code example is available on

GitHub at the link below:

AN4873

and its subsidiaries

Application Note DS00004873A-page 2

Table of Contents

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

1. Relevant Devices.................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1. PIC16F17146 Microcontroller Family...........................................................................................3

2. Overview of TDS in Water and Measurement Methodologies................................................................ 4

2.1. Theoretical Concept..................................................................................................................... 4

2.2. Application Measurement Methods ............................................................................................. 4

3. TDS Measurement Using a PIC16F17146 Microcontroller..................................................................... 7

3.1. Implementation.............................................................................................................................7

3.2. Features and Peripherals of a PIC16F17146 Microcontroller used in the Application................. 7

4. Firmware Overview................................................................................................................................. 9

4.1. Application Flowchart................................................................................................................... 9

4.2. Firmware Operation....................................................................................................................10

5. Application Demo.................................................................................................................................. 11

6. PIC16F17146 Microcontroller Memory Utilization ................................................................................12

7. Extended Application: Home Reverse Osmosis (RO) System..............................................................13

8. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................ 15

9. References............................................................................................................................................16

10. Revision History.................................................................................................................................... 17

Microchip Information................................................................................................................................... 18

The Microchip Website..........................................................................................................................18

Product Change Notification Service.................................................................................................... 18

Customer Support.................................................................................................................................18

Microchip Devices Code Protection Feature.........................................................................................18

Legal Notice.......................................................................................................................................... 18

Trademarks........................................................................................................................................... 19

Quality Management System................................................................................................................20

Worldwide Sales and Service................................................................................................................21